用户002 – China Baowu Group- whatsapp: +8613256761911

What is Oxygen Free Copper?- whatsapp: +8613256761911

用户002 — Tue, 05 Jul 2022 13:54:35 +0000

What is Oxygen Free Copper?

C101 oxygen-free copper is extremely pure copper with very low oxygen content. The typical oxygen content of C101 anaerobic copper is less than 0.0005%. The typical copper grade is 99.99%, which is the highest grade copper available. The material properties are very similar to elemental copper. The target purity is high and silver is removed as an impurity.
As an ultra-high purity copper product, C101 anaerobic copper has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, good machinability, and high ductility. By reducing oxygen content to less than 0.0005%, these properties are more exaggerated than standard copper products, so a variety of highly specialized industrial applications can be found.

What is Oxygen Free Copper used for?

The higher the purity of any copper product, the better the corrosion resistance, the higher the electrical conductivity, and the less heat generated when conducting electricity. C101 anaerobic copper is the purest copper product and has the best effect of all copper products.
By removing almost all the impurities, the metal structure of copper is almost unbroken, and by removing almost all the oxygen, the oxidation of copper metal is significantly reduced, which further hinders performance.
C101 anaerobic copper is highly specialized for almost all uses because of the higher price of products with higher purity. These include:
Superior Audio/video applications — High-end audio/video applications where quality is critical will use copper wires made from C101 oxygen-free copper.
The increased conductivity of large industrial transformers — C101 oxygen-free copper — can reduce the diameter of the transformer wiring, thereby reducing the amount of copper and the overall installation size.
Long life applications – The longer life of C101 oxygen-free copper products is beneficial in large or difficult to replace projects.
High vacuum applications – Any scientific requirement to reduce the presence of impurities in a vacuum environment can be used with C101 oxygen-free copper to ensure that the copper wire does not contaminate.
Typically, more than one of these applications can be found in C101 oxygen-free copper installations, such as the Large Hadron Collider, the world’s largest particle accelerator.

How is Oxygen Free Copper made?

The processing of C101 anaerobic copper differs only in the final refining stage. Among them, standard atmospheric conditions were used to refine standard high purity copper to further reduce oxygen content. The final refining process must be carried out in an oxygen-free environment.
This may involve smelting molten copper and pouring it into the casting in an oxygen-free environment such as a vacuum or a carefully controlled inert atmosphere. C101 anaerobic copper is the most expensive copper grade on the market due to the additional processing complexity required to produce the desired product purity.
Looking for copper for your next project? Metal Supermarket offers a variety of copper shapes that can be cut on demand. Buy now

The Difference Between Metal Sheet and Plate- whatsapp: +8613256761911

用户002 — Wed, 29 Jun 2022 02:55:42 +0000

The Difference Between Metal Sheet and Plate

The difference between metal plates and metal plates can be defined by thickness. If the metal thickness is 6mm (¼ “) or greater, it is considered a sheet. Sheet thickness is usually measured in millimeters. If less than 6mm (¼ “) thick, it is considered sheet. Boards are usually measured with gauges.

Sheet and Plate Production

As the molten metal leaves the blast furnace, it is continuously cast into billets and slabs. Billets are usually used to form rods and wires, while slabs will be used to produce sheets and plates. Slabs usually more than 100mm thick exit the casting process. This thickness needs to be reduced in order to make a usable metal plate or sheet.
In order to reduce and, most importantly, to standardize the thickness of the full length of the metal product, the metal is rolled, black or bright. If the metal is rolled at a high temperature (above the recrystallization temperature), it is called black. The metal is fed through rollers, which gradually reduce the metal thickness until the desired thickness is reached. This thickness can be as small as 300 millimeters.
If the final metal product is more than 6mm (¼ “) thick, it is called a plate and is part of the structural metal family. Anything thinner than that is considered sheet metal.
Bright drawing is when the material needs increased strength, or very precise thickness. The amount of thinning per pass is lower than that for producing black steel, so the process takes longer than black steel.

Measuring Sheet

It is important to note that when measuring sheet products, gauges are neither standard nor metric, but independent values. The gauge shall be converted to mm using a conversion table.
There are a variety of gauge systems in use today, with different gauge systems for different metal types. For example, an 18 Ga. Aluminum plate is 1.02 mm thick. The size of the other 18 Ga steel plate is 1.21mm. The two metals have different gauge systems, resulting in different thickness of the same gauge. Visit this article for sheet metal gauge diagrams.

What is friction welding materials?- whatsapp: +8613256761911

用户002 — Tue, 28 Jun 2022 03:34:11 +0000

What is friction welding materials?

Friction welding is a solid state welding process for metals and other materials. Solid state welding means that the material to be joined will not melt.
There are three different types of friction welding:
Rotary friction welding
Linear friction welding
Friction stir welding

How Does Friction Welding Work?

The procedure for performing friction welds depends on the type of friction welds used:
Rotary friction welding: In rotary friction welding, at least one of the materials to be joined is circular. The circular material rotates rapidly using an electric clamping device. The material rotates at a very high speed and then separates or holds together after reaching the desired speed. Then, under certain pressures, the connected materials (at least one static material and at least one rotating material) are brought into contact with each other. The combination of speed and pressure produces heat and friction welding. After the rotation is complete and the welding is completed, the joint is allowed to cool for some time and the pressure generating force is eliminated. Depending on the application, post-weld processing may be required as welds are usually convex.
Linear friction welding: Linear friction welding is similar to rotary friction welding, with a few exceptions. First, neither part has to be round. Therefore, fast oscillating motion is used instead of rotational motion. Once the fast oscillating speed is reached, the parts are forced together and then cooled after the motion stops and the pressure-generating forces are removed. Depending on the application, post-weld processing may be required as welds are usually convex.
Friction stir welding: Friction stir welding uses non-expendable tools to generate the speed, pressure, and heat required for friction welding. During friction stir welding, the tool rotates quickly and inserts the weld. The tool continues to transfer pressure and speed as it moves along the length of the weld and welds the material together as it moves.

What Metals Can Friction Welding Be Used On?

Many different types of metals can be joined by friction welding. In fact, some materials that cannot be joined by other welding methods can be joined by friction welding. Even some different welded joints can be friction welded. This is because solid state welding processes do not require fusion, so metal incompatibility encountered in the molten state is not an issue. Common metals joined by the friction welding process include
Many different types of steel
Various aluminium alloys
Titanium alloy
Copper alloy
There is a lot more

What Is Cold Welding?- whatsapp: +8613256761911

用户002 — Tue, 28 Jun 2022 02:57:32 +0000

What Is Cold Welding?

Although welding is usually associated with hot orange sparks and molten metal, several welding processes do not match this visual effect. One of the most remarkable welding processes is cold welding. It has been used at the industrial level for nearly a century and has several advantages over other welding processes.

What is Cold Welding?

Cold welding is a solid state welding process that joins two or more metals together with little or no heat. Instead, the energy used to hold the materials together takes the form of pressure. During cold welding, no metal is liquefied, even heated to a significant degree.

How Does Cold Welding Work?

Cold welding binds two metals together without heating because the oxide layer is removed from the surface of the material being joined.
Under normal conditions, almost all metals have some type of oxide layer on them, although it may not be visible to the naked eye. These metal oxides form a barrier that prevents the metal atoms in the material from being pressed together and bonding to each other. Once the oxide layer is removed, however, the metal atoms are able to bond to each other under enough pressure.
Various mechanical and chemical methods are used to remove the oxide layer. Use wire brushes, degreasing and other techniques to ensure that the metal surface is free of oxides. Metals also have to have some toughness. Industrial machinery is then used to create the massive pressure required to produce metallurgical bonding.

What is Cold Welding Used For?

One of the most common examples of cold welding is when joining dissimilar metals. That’s because when different metals melt together, they don’t stick together very well. This can cause metals to fail to join together, or lead to weak or cracked welds. Cold welding avoids this problem because it relies entirely on atomic bonds formed through free electrons.
Typically, cold welding is used to create butt or lap joints. Industries include aerospace, automotive, advanced manufacturing applications, and laboratory experiments typically use cold welding. It is also often used to join wires together.

What Metals Can Be Cold Welded?

Since ductile materials are usually required, metals commonly used for cold welding include:
Aluminum (including 7XXX series and other non-welding grades)
copper
Brass alloy
Carbon-based metals cannot be cold welded.

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Cold Welding?

One of the biggest advantages of cold welding is that there is no heat affected zone. This reduces the risk of negative chemical and mechanical changes to the base material during the welding process. Another key advantage is the ability to join dissimilar metals, as mentioned above. Also, if cold welding is performed correctly it creates a weld at least as strong as the weakest parent material.

The primary disadvantage of using cold welding is that the materials must be extremely clean and oxide free to create a satisfactory weld. This can be difficult to do, and it can also be expensive and hard to implement in a high-volume scenario. Since at least one of the metals must be ductile, cold welding is also limited by what alloys can be joined together.

What is coated metal？- whatsapp: +8613256761911

用户002 — Wed, 22 Jun 2022 14:39:00 +0000

What is coated metal？

Precoated metal, commonly referred to as roll coated metal, is a metal with a continuous film or coating. This process is usually used for winding metal, usually aluminum or steel rolling. It is a highly automated process that can be customized according to individual specifications or final product requirements.
The coating is applied continuously through an efficient production line, including cleaning, single or multiple coatings on one or both sides of the metal, curing and lamination. The final product is then ready for further processing and can be cut, bent, and worked without damaging the final coating.
The coated surface is highly customizable and can be paint, powder or plastic, with almost unlimited colors and final textures available. This method is different from powder coating, which uses electrostatic charge to coat dry powder, and then heat it to form a hard, smooth film.

How are Pre-Painted Metal Coatings Applied?

The coating process can vary according to the coating being applied, but there are typically 3 stages to the coating process.

Pre-Treatment
Coating
Finishing

What is coated metal？

The metal is usually cleaned to remove impurities or defects on the surface to ensure that the coating can be applied uniformly. The cleaned metal is usually pretreated with a chemical agent to ensure that the coating material can adhere to the metal.

Coating

The pre-treated metal is then sprayed with the desired coating, which may include various spraying and curing stages. It is not uncommon to have multiple layers made of different coatings for highly specialized products.

Finishing

Once coated, the metal will go through a final finishing stage which may include a final cure before being coiled back up for further processing. During this stage the final product goes through a quality assurance check to make sure it meets the required specifications.

What is Pre-Painted Metal Used for?

The product is in high demand due to the almost unlimited choice of pre-coated metals in final coating materials, colors and textures. Here are some examples of precoated metals that have become common.
Building — pre-painted roof coverings, interior panels, interior departments, garage doors, ceiling panels, and Windows are all examples of product colors and textures that the builder or homeowner wants to choose for the final finish.
Prefabricated heat shields – Prefabricated heat shields are increasingly popular because they save time and allow more design choices, and precoated metal is often used as the outer layer around the insulation.
Specialized products — the use of pre-coated metals (including photovoltaic solar panels, solar reflective materials, antibacterial surfaces, anti-static applications and anti-fingerprint devices) meet some of the special requirements of the market.
Metal Supermarket offers more than 8,000 types, shapes and grades of metal. Find metal for your next project. Buy now.

What is pickling steel called？- whatsapp: +8613256761911

用户002 — Tue, 21 Jun 2022 14:17:35 +0000

What is pickling steel called？

Quite simply, pickling is an acid bath process used to remove unusable iron oxide scales and other impurities that form on hot-worked steel. (You probably know iron oxide as rust, but there are actually at least 15 other known iron oxide allotropes.) When the steel is hot processed above the recrystallization temperature, oxygen will react with the outer layer of iron and produce flake oxide skin. This layer makes steel difficult to use and paint.

Why is it Called Pickling?

The pickling process involves immersing the metal in a solution to remove surface impurities. The solution used is called pickling, so the process of immersing the metal in pickling is called pickling.

How is Steel Pickled?

The hot-worked steel is immersed in a VAT of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid called a pickling solution. Steel with carbon content above 6% requires additional use of nitric, phosphoric or hydrofluoric acid. The metal is immersed in the tank for a preset amount of time to avoid excessive metal being eaten by acid. The amount of oxide scale usually removed is between 1% and 3% of the steel mass.
Once the metal comes out of the tank, it is washed and ready for further processing. Usually at this point, it can be cold worked. The remaining pickling fluid, now filled with rust flakes and iron shavings, is known as pickling sludge. Generally considered an environmental hazard, it is sometimes neutralized with alkali (usually lime) and then thrown away. Systems also exist to recover some of the remaining useful products from the sludge, including hydrochloric acid and iron oxide. There are also processes for using scrap rolling chips. The oxide scale can be sent to a sintering plant where the iron oxide dust and scales can be converted into solid steel blocks.

Alternatives to Pickling

Smooth clean surface (SPS) is a mechanical descaling method. As the steel, usually a thin sheet of steel, passes through a series of rollers, a grinding brush scrapes the oxide skin off the metal. This method removes scale without using water or oil.
Flame cleaning is a simple process that uses an oxyacetylene flame to remove metal surfaces, usually structural steel. A conventional oxygen spray gun can be used with a much reduced flame to avoid digging too deep into the metal.

Common metal aging- whatsapp: +8613256761911

用户002 — Sat, 04 Jun 2022 14:57:38 +0000

Common metal aging

Common Metal aging is one of the most common methods to change the properties of metal alloys. Although many metals can change their properties by heating, quenching or work hardening, some metal alloys are specially formulated for aging. Aging can change the physical and aesthetic properties of alloys, making them have completely different characteristics from the unaged morphology.

Common metal aging

Metal aging is a process of metal alloy used for solution heat treatment, which can be carried out artificially or naturally. Natural aging runs through the whole life of metal alloys. During natural aging, supersaturated alloying elements in metal alloys form so-called metal precipitates. These precipitates hinder the dislocation in the metal, increase the strength and hardness of the metal alloy, and reduce its ductility. Artificial aging is a process used to accelerate the formation of precipitates in solution heat treated metal alloys, which is much faster than natural aging. The artificial aging process is to increase the temperature of solution heat treated metal alloy to make it lower than the recrystallization temperature, but high enough to accelerate the formation of precipitates. Once the precipitates of alloy elements reach the correct size, the metal alloy is cooled rapidly to prevent further changes of the precipitates.

What Types of Metals Can Be Aged?

There are many types of metal alloys whose physical properties can be changed by aging, as long as they are solution heat treatable:
aluminium
stainless steel
copper alloy
Other metal alloys
Aluminum: 2XXX, 6xxx and 7xxx series aluminum alloys are all ageable, and their strength in many different forms comes from artificial aging. 6061-T6 is one of the most Common metal aging aluminum alloys. Magnesium silicide precipitates in -t6 morphology, which prevents dislocation and greatly increases its strength and hardness.
Stainless steel: 17/10p, 17/4ph (commonly referred to as 630 in the UK), and 17/7ph are some Common metal stainless steel alloys. When they are properly aged, they have extremely high strength and hardness due to the precipitation of metal alloys in their structures.
Copper alloy: C17200 and c17300 are two commonly used copper beryllium alloys in industry. Copper is usually known for its softness and ductility. When appropriate alloying elements are added and appropriate aging techniques are used, copper can be quite hard, strong and brittle.
Other metal alloys: titanium, nickel and magnesium, as well as several other metals, can undergo aging treatment if their chemical composition contains alloying elements, so that they can be solution heat treated.

Overaging

In natural aging or artificial aging of a metal alloy, one problem is the so-called over aging. When the size of the precipitate changes, the execution of the aging process exceeds the point beneficial to the application. This usually results in a reduction in strength and hardness. Two Common metal methods are welding or cold working metal. Care should be taken to determine whether the soluble heat treated metal needs to be artificially aged again, following one of these two processes to ensure that the required mechanical properties still exist.

Stainless Steel Finishing Options- whatsapp: +8613256761911

用户002 — Sat, 04 Jun 2022 14:34:27 +0000

Stainless Steel Finishing Options

There are many choices of stainless steel surface treatment, which change not only the appearance of the material. Regardless of the intended use, choosing the right completion option is essential.
In the project, when design is the primary consideration, an attractive completion will enhance the attractiveness of the final product. For example, in the construction and automotive industries, different finishes can be used to achieve various visual effects. In retail products, especially kitchen appliances, stainless steel No. 4 finish is one of the most popular finishes.
In the process of machining, the choice of surface finish is also very important. Before painting and gluing, when grinding the steel, it is suitable to adopt rough surface treatment. Where steel is mixed, a smooth surface treatment is better.
The choice of finishing agent shall be clearly defined and appropriately defined by the standard industry name.

Stainless Steel Finishing Options

In the late 1970s, British iron and steel scientists found that the blunt polishing of stainless steel surface showed great surface roughness. Further tests show that the steel with high surface roughness is seriously damaged during polishing, while the steel with low surface roughness is relatively nondestructive.
In the mid-1980s, dull polishing was widely used in some famous architectural projects. However, it was soon discovered that some of these dull polished surfaces had poor corrosion resistance, especially when exposed to seawater. Therefore, a new surface finish description was introduced and is still used today.
The other three common stainless steel surface treatment schemes are:
No. 2B – Matte
4 . Wire drawing finishing
8 . Mirror polishing

No. 2B – Matte finish

2b is polished, which means no further processing. Matte surfaces are dull in appearance and not ideal for atheistic end uses. However, they are a good choice when the appearance is not important or needs further finishing. Matte finish is the cheapest of stainless steel finishes.
The surface treatment is made of cold rolled stainless steel through special rolls or dies. Cold rolling produces a smoother, less pitted surface. Then soften and descale in acid solution. The steel is subjected to the final process on the polished roll to further improve its finish.
Common applications include:
Chemical plant equipment
Pharmaceutical equipment
Paper mill equipment
Laundry and dry cleaning
refrigeration
Sewage treatment equipment

No. 4 – Brushed finish

No. 4 brush can be completed by different suppliers, or even different batches from the same supplier. These changes result from different manufacturing conditions, such as abrasive belt wear. When ordering No. 4 wire drawing surface treatment, a certain degree of change should be expected. It is helpful to require a few square inches of sample to ensure that the completion achieves the desired effect.
Brushed stainless steel produces a unique look with a soft gloss and thin parallel line pattern. It has a strong decorative appeal, but does not reflect light, because too much reflection may not be desirable. For example, over reflective Stainless Steel Decorations on buildings may be dazzling in bright sunlight. The disadvantages of this finish include reduced corrosion resistance because the grooves of the finish are prone to rust.
The surface treatment is to polish the stainless steel in one direction with 120-180 grit sand belt, and then soften with 80-120 grit medium-sized non-woven belt.
Gateway Arch
Gateway Arch
Common applications include:
Jewelry and watches
Household Electric Appliances
air conditioner
heater
Architecture
Automobile design
The portal arch of St. Louis, Missouri is the world’s tallest arch, wrapped in Brushed stainless steel.
Delorenin dmc-12 sports car is famous for its appearance in “back to the future” films. Its panels are made of brushed stainless steel.

No.8 – Mirror finish

Mirror polishing is a highly reflective effect produced by polishing stainless steel. Polishing process improves appearance and consistency, making cleaning easier. It also covers up the influence after welding and hides the surface damage.
8 . Mirror polishing is produced by mechanical treatment of the surface with a series of gradually fine abrasives. In addition, a special rolling process can be used to simulate the appearance of mechanical wear. At this stage, it is crucial to remove deep scratches, as any surface defects will be obvious on the finished product. The final process is to polish the surface for 5-10 minutes to form a high reflection effect like a mirror.
One of the benefits of No. 8 mirror polishing is that it improves corrosion resistance. This polishing eliminates cracks where corrosion particles may attach.
Common applications include:
mirror
Ornamental pruning
A clean room
Columns include
Wall panel
reflector

Common uses for stainless steel - whatsapp: +8613256761911

用户002 — Fri, 03 Jun 2022 13:46:49 +0000

Common uses for stainless steel

Architecture and architecture
Automobile and transportation
medical care
Energy and heavy industry
Food and catering

Common uses for stainless steel

From the smallest zipper to the largest skyscraper, stainless steel is an indispensable part of modern life.
The strength, corrosion resistance and low maintenance of stainless steel make it an ideal material for wide application. It has a long life cycle and is 100% recyclable.
Stainless steel has more than 150 grades, 15 of which are commonly used in daily applications. Stainless steel comes in a variety of forms, including plates, coils, rods, sheets and tubes for industrial and household settings.
Many industries, including construction and automobile, rely on stainless steel. This is the most effective solution for many applications.

Architecture and Construction

In the period of decorative art, stainless steel first emerged in the architectural field. As we all know, the upper part of Chrysler building is made of stainless steel.
Because of its strength, flexibility and corrosion resistance, stainless steel is now widely used in modern buildings. It is used for the external cladding of large high impact buildings, and can also be seen in the forms of internal handrails, counters, rear baffles, etc.
Stainless steel is easy to weld, with beautiful surface treatment and low maintenance cost. Because of this, it has remarkable features in eye-catching modern buildings, including the Eurostar terminal at Waterloo station in London, the spiral bridge in Singapore and the World Trade Center Building 1 in New York.
The trend towards sustainable construction also favors stainless steel, which is usually composed of 90% recycled metal. Polished or textured stainless steel helps introduce natural light into the building, thereby reducing energy consumption.

Automotive and Transportation

Stainless steel was first used in the automotive industry in the 1930s, and various concept cars were manufactured by Ford Motor Company.
Today, stainless steel is used more and more in the automotive industry. Stainless steel is commonly used in automotive exhaust systems, trims and grills, but new emission reduction standards and environmental considerations have also prompted manufacturers to favor stainless steel in structural components.
Stainless steel is used in a variety of transportation modes, including ship containers, road tankers and garbage vehicles. It is applicable to the transportation of chemical, liquid, food and other materials. Its high strength allows thinner containers, saving fuel costs, while its corrosion resistance reduces cleaning and maintenance costs.

Medical

Stainless steel is an ideal sanitary environment because it is easy to disinfect and resistant to corrosion. It is used to build surgical and dental instruments, renal discs and operating tables, as well as other medical equipment, such as catheters, steam sterilizers and MRI scanners.
Surgical implants are made of stainless steel, and replacement joints such as artificial hip joints are also made of stainless steel. Stainless steel nails and plates are used to fix fractures.

Energy and Heavy Industries

The working environment in the chemical, oil and gas industries is highly demanding, involving high temperature and highly toxic substances. Special grades of stainless steel have been developed for use in these industries and are characterized by enhanced corrosion resistance over a wider temperature range. High grade stainless steel is very important in the construction of tanks, valves, pipelines and other components.
Ultra duplex steels are often used because of their high strength. It can be produced in large plates, minimizing welding and maximizing structural integrity. Its high strength also reduces the need for additional structural support and foundation, and reduces the construction cost.
Stainless steel is a necessary material for offshore oil rigs. Crude oil is highly corrosive. Modern drilling platforms are made of high alloy steel, which is tough and light.
Renewable energy technologies, including solar, geothermal, hydro and wind energy, also use stainless steel components because they can withstand the severe test of highly corrosive seawater environment.

Food and Catering

Stainless steel is used for kitchen accessories, tableware and cooking utensils. Steel grades with low toughness are used to make sharp edges. More ductile grades of steel are used for items that must be shaped, such as cookers, grills, sinks, and saucepans. Stainless steel is also used for surface treatment of refrigerators, freezers, countertops and dishwashers.
Stainless steel is an ideal material for food production and storage, because it will not affect the flavor of food. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel is important because some foods, such as orange juice, may be acidic. In addition, stainless steel is easy to clean and helps prevent the growth of harmful bacteria.
Stainless steel is also important in ice cream production because it allows the use of strong antibacterial cleaning products.

Classes of Stainless Steel- whatsapp: +8613256761911

用户002 — Fri, 03 Jun 2022 13:12:58 +0000

Classes of Stainless Steel

What is Stainless Steel?

Stainless steel is a low carbon steel containing chromium; It is this added chromium that endows ordinary steel with unique pollution and corrosion resistance. Chromium in steel can form a rough, invisible and corrosion-resistant chromium oxide film on the surface of steel. If the material is mechanically or chemically damaged, the film will heal itself (as long as oxygen is present). With the addition of chromium and other elements such as molybdenum, nickel and nitrogen, steel has higher corrosion resistance and other properties.

The Classes of Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is generally divided into 5 categories. Each is identified by the alloying elements that affect its microstructure and is named after it.
Martensitic stainless steel
Ferritic stainless steel
austenitic stainless steel
Duplex (Ferritic Austenitic) stainless steel
Precipitation hardened (PH) stainless steel

Martensitic Stainless Steel

Martensitic stainless steel grades are a group of corrosion-resistant and hardenable stainless steel alloys (using heat treatment). All martensitic grades are nickel free direct chromium steels. All these grades are magnetic. Martensite grade is mainly used where hardness, strength and wear resistance are required.
Class type
Type 410: a basic martensite with low alloy content. Its cost is relatively low, and it is a universal and heat treatable stainless steel. It is usually used in places with less severe corrosion (such as air, water, some chemicals and food acids). Applications of the product include components requiring bonding strength and corrosion resistance, such as fasteners.
Type 410S: maintains a lower carbon content than type 410, but provides improved weldability and lower hardenability. This is a general-purpose corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant chromium steel.
Type 414: this type increases nickel content (2%) to improve corrosion resistance. Typical applications include springs and tableware.
Type 416: phosphorus and sulfur added to this type can improve processability. Typical applications include screw mechanical components.
Type 420: adding this type of carbon helps to improve mechanical properties. Typical applications include surgical instruments.
431 type: increased chromium content, stronger corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. Typical applications include high-strength components such as valves and pumps.
Type 440: further increase in chromium and carbon content helps to improve toughness and corrosion resistance of this type. Typical applications include surgical instruments.

Ferritic stainless steel

Ferritic stainless steel is resistant to corrosion and oxidation while maintaining resistance to stress and cracking. Although these steels are magnetic, they cannot be quenched by heat treatment. Once annealed, these grades can be cold worked. They have higher corrosion resistance than martensite grade, but mostly lower than austenite grade. These grades are nickel free straight chromium steels, which are commonly used for decorative purposes, sinks, and certain automotive applications, such as exhaust systems.
Type 430: basic grade, with poor corrosion resistance compared with Type 304. This type has corrosion resistance, such as nitric acid, sulfur-containing gases, as well as many organic acids and food acids.
Type 405: this type has a low chromium content in combination with added aluminum. This chemical composition helps prevent hardening after high temperature cooling. Typical applications include heat exchangers.
Type 409: one of the cheapest grades of stainless steel due to reduced chromium content. This type can only be used for internal or external components in non critical corrosive environments. Typical applications include silencers.
Type 434: this type has increased molybdenum content and improved its corrosion resistance. Typical applications include automotive trim and fasteners.
Type 436: niobium is added to this grade for corrosion and heat resistance. The most typical applications include deep drawing parts.
Type 442: the anti scaling property is improved due to the increase of chromium content. Applications include furnace and heater components.
Type 446: higher chromium content is added to further improve the high-temperature corrosion resistance and scaling performance. It has good oxidation resistance in sulfuric acid environment.

Austenitic Stainless Steel

Austenitic stainless steel is the most commonly used type of stainless steel. High chromium and nickel grades in this group provide superior corrosion resistance and very good mechanical properties. They cannot be quenched by heat treatment, but can be greatly quenched by cold working. None of the grades in this class is attractive.
Standard score
The standard grade of austenitic stainless steel has a maximum carbon content of 0.08%; There are no minimum carbon emission requirements.
Low carbon grade (L grade)
Class “L” is used to provide additional corrosion resistance after welding. The letter “L” after the stainless steel grade indicates low carbon. The carbon content shall be kept at or below 0.03% to avoid carbide precipitation, which may lead to corrosion. Due to the temperature generated during welding (which may lead to carbon precipitation), class “L” is usually used. Generally, stainless steel manufacturers provide these stainless steel grades as double certification, such as 304/304l or 316/316l.
High carbon grade (grade H)
Stainless steel grade “H” has a minimum carbon content of 0.04% and a maximum carbon content of 0.10%. A higher carbon content helps maintain strength at extreme temperatures. These grades are indicated by the letter “H” after the stainless steel grade number. Use this name when the end use involves extreme temperature environments.
304: one of the most commonly used (austenitic) stainless steel grades. The high content of chromium and nickel makes it the first choice for processing equipment in the chemical (mild chemicals), food / dairy and beverage industries. This grade has a good combination of strength, corrosion resistance and fabric properties.
Type 316: This stainless steel grade has 18% chromium, 14% nickel and molybdenum; These combine to increase its corrosion resistance. In particular, the use of molybdenum helps to control pitting corrosion. This grade will not scale at 1600 degrees Fahrenheit. Type 316 is used in chemical processing, pulp and paper industry, food and beverage processing and dispensing and in more corrosive environments. It is also used in the marine industry due to its corrosion resistance.
Type 317: molybdenum content is higher than 316. It is used in highly corrosive environment. The molybdenum content of this grade must be greater than 3%. A scrubber system typically used in air pollution control devices to remove particulates and / or gases from industrial exhaust gases.
Type 321: contains titanium additives with at least five times the carbon content. This addition is to reduce or eliminate chromium carbide precipitation due to welding or exposure to high temperatures. Used in aerospace industry.
Type 347: in the strong oxidation environment, the corrosion resistance of type 347 is slightly higher than that of Type 321 stainless steel. Type 347 shall be considered for applications requiring intermittent heating between 800 º f (427 º C) and 1650 º f (899 º C) or for welding under conditions that prevent post weld annealing.

Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless Steels

Duplex is a combination of austenitic and ferritic materials. The strength of these grades is about twice that of austenite and ferrite grades. Although they do have better toughness and ductility than ferrite grades, they do not reach the level of austenite grades. The corrosion resistance of two grades is very close to that of austenitic grades, such as 304 and 316. Class 2205 is the most widely used duplex class.
Type 2205: duplex 2205 is very suitable for high pressure and high corrosive environment. Compared with austenite, it has higher corrosion and erosion fatigue properties, lower thermal expansion and higher thermal conductivity. The service temperature of this grade shall be limited to less than 315 ° C, because long-term high-temperature exposure will lead to brittle materials.
Type 2304: duplex 2304 is generally used in the same applications as alloys 304 and 316L. Its corrosion resistance is very close to or slightly better than that of Austenitic 304 and 316, but its yield strength is almost twice that of the original. It is suitable for use at temperatures between -50 ° C and 300 ° C. This grade has high mechanical strength and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking. It has good weldability, machinability and is easy to manufacture.
Type 2507: duplex 2507 is a super duplex stainless steel. It is suitable for applications requiring special strength and corrosion resistance, such as chemical process, petrochemical and seawater equipment. This grade has excellent resistance to chloride stress, corrosion cracking, high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion. High chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen levels provide excellent resistance to pitting, crevice and general corrosion.

Precipitation-hardening (PH) stainless steels

Precipitation hardened stainless steels can be strengthened and hardened by heat treatment. This provides designers with a unique combination of fabric capabilities, strength, ease of heat treatment, and corrosion resistance of any other category of material. These grades include 17cr-4ni (17-4PH) and 15cr-5ni (15-5PH).
Type 17-4: Alloy 17-4 is a chromium copper precipitation hardened stainless steel for applications requiring high strength and moderate corrosion resistance. It has high strength and good corrosion resistance under all heat treatment conditions. This grade can be heat treated at various temperatures; This results in a wide range of finished product properties. This grade shall not be used for temperatures above 300 ° C or very low.
Type 15-5: This is a variant of the earlier 17-4 chromium nickel copper precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel. 15-5 alloy is designed to have greater toughness than 17-4. Compared with other similar martensite grades, it is used in applications requiring better corrosion resistance and transverse properties.